(Apple) [M8 × Red Standard (Krasnij Standart)] Also called Red-leafed Paradise or Bud 9. Michurinsk College of Ag, Michurin, Russia, 1946.
Dwarfing rootstock, produces a tree about a quarter the size of a standard tree. Highly productive and precocious (fruits at a young age) with large fruit size. Very hardy though not as hardy as Antonovka.
In most locations, requires mulching, staking and irrigation. Space trees 5-10' apart. Note that reddish cambium does not scrape green like other rootstocks. Some resistance to fireblight. Z4.